Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Females with obesity exhibit greater influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection than males in a mouse model

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1699275

Figure Lengend Snippet: Vaccine-induced antibody responses in males and females, with or without obesity. Male and female C57BL/6J mice, with or without obesity were vaccinated twice with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) vaccine at a 3-week interval. At 35 days post-vaccination (dpv), blood samples were collected, and antibodies were measured in plasma. (A) IgG, (B) IgG1, (C) IgG2c, (D) IgG1 to IgG2c ratio, and (E) virus-neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers are compared (dashed line – limit of detection; n=13-15/group). Subjects that had an antibody titer below the limit of detection are shown in percent in each figure. Statistical comparisons were made using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (A-E) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons. An asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference (p<0.05) and a hash ( # ) represents a trend (0.05≤p≤0.1). NO-M, non-obese males; NO-F, non-obese females; O-M, males with obesity; O-F, females with obesity.

Article Snippet: Secondary antibodies used were IgG (#31430, Invitrogen, CA, USA), IgG1 (#PA1-74421, Invitrogen, CA, USA), and IgG2c (#56970, Cell Signaling Technologies, MA, USA), followed by the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate reagent (#555214, BD Biosciences, CA, USA) addition (50μL/well).

Techniques: Virus, Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Females with obesity exhibit greater influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection than males in a mouse model

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1699275

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparisons of immunity and protection between non-responder females (i.e., NR-F) and responder females with obesity (i.e., R/O-F). Following 12 weeks on HFD, nearly 2/3 rd of females developed obesity, and the remainder were non-responders. (A) Baseline body mass; (B) body mass over 12 weeks on HFD; (C) week 12 body mass; (D) body mass index (BMI); (E) glucose tolerance test (GTT) time course (0–120 min); and (F) GTT area under the curve (AUC) are shown (n=9-19/group). After prime-boost vaccination with the inactivated 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine, at 35 days post-vaccination (dpv), (G) IgG, (H) IgG1, (I) IgG2c, (J) IgG1/IgG2c, and (K) virus-neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers were measured (dashed line – limit of detection, n=9-15/group). Following the challenge with the drift variant of H1N1 virus, (L) absolute (g) and (M) relative (%) body mass change through 21 days post-challenge (dpc); (N) lung viral titers at 3 dpc; and (O) log 10 -transformed cytokines/chemokines concentrations at 3 dpc were compared (n=3-5/group). Statistical comparisons were made using the (A, C, D, F, G-K, N) Mann-Whitney test, (B, E, L, M) two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons, and (O) , unpaired T-test followed by Holm-Sidak test for multiple comparisons. An asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference (p<0.05) and a hash ( # ) represents a trend (0.05≤p≤0.1).

Article Snippet: Secondary antibodies used were IgG (#31430, Invitrogen, CA, USA), IgG1 (#PA1-74421, Invitrogen, CA, USA), and IgG2c (#56970, Cell Signaling Technologies, MA, USA), followed by the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate reagent (#555214, BD Biosciences, CA, USA) addition (50μL/well).

Techniques: Virus, Variant Assay, Transformation Assay, MANN-WHITNEY